VMOU Paper with answer ; VMOU MAEG-01 Paper MA ENGLISH , vmou English important question

It was an unexpected surprise to watch ‘Mast me Rehneka an OTT release on Prime Video last week. It depicts the lives of several folks who are fighting in the city to live better lives. Set in the heavily congested city of Mumbai, it is a tale of optimism and preserverance. The movie offers a novel perspective on the distant nature of metropolis by concentrating on the loneliness of the elderly. In addition to kindness, the narrative gradually reveals challenges and personal secrets. Relationships are valued by the characters, who also manage to have fun occasionally and never give up. Jackey Shroff gives one of his best performances in a while as Kamath, a typical elderly widower in Mumbai. Neena Gupta plays a vivacious and upbeat character who is also lovely in the city. The film emphasizes the kindness of individuals while attempting to put a positive light on the challenges of living in a metropolis. Though it’s a light hearted movie, don’t take it too lightly The film wonderfully raises the issue of loneliness and sociability in old age. The number of elderly people is high overall and continues to rise as health care education advances. Numerous changes in their physical, psychological and social roles put. these people’s sense of self and ability to live happily at jeopardy

उत्तर:- (i) What is the theme of the movie ‘Mast me Rehneka’?
The theme of the movie is the optimism and perseverance of the elderly facing loneliness in a big city like Mumbai.

(ii) What positive qualities of the elderly have been depicted in the movie?
The elderly are shown as kind, fun-loving, optimistic, and never giving up.

(iii) What roles do the two main characters of the movie play?
Jackie Shroff plays Kamath, a typical elderly widower, while Neena Gupta plays a vivacious and upbeat character.

(iv) Why has the number of elderly people grown in society?
The number of elderly people has grown due to advances in health care and education.

(v) What has enabled the elderly to live happily?
Maintaining their sense of self and adapting to physical, psychological, and social changes helps the elderly live happily.

(vi) Give noun forms of social, psychological.
The noun forms are society (from social) and psychology (from psychological).

(vii) Which word in the passage means ‘attractively lively and animated’?
The word is vivacious.

(viii) Give opposite of loneliness.
The opposite of loneliness is companionship.

Today’s world can truly be called a ‘society of the spectacle’, a phrase that the French sociologist and thinker Guy de Bord used decades earlier. Every act of lived experience has today become a spectacle. It would be a little incorrect to say that this craze for spectacle-izing everything that occurs around us is a recent phenomenon. If one had watched the Pirates of the Caribbean movies, one would realise that even in the late eighteenth century, executions were public events a large portion of the populace would gather around the site of the hanging in the city square in order to see justice being meted out in front of their own eyes. It was also a form of popular entertainment. It was a sort of a collective public blood-letting.

(B) The spectacle that the contemporary society has become is an overwhelming experience. One enters a restaurant, orders an exotic dish-but the proof of having eaten it doesn’t exist until tons of photographs are clicked from varied angles and shared on social networking sites, one goes for a holiday to a calm and serene location, but is all the while busy telling the world about it. It is as if one has to document every moment of one’s existence When does one live that moment then? Perhaps it is in the documentation that one survives these days.

उत्तर:-(i) What is the ‘society of the spectacle’?
It is a society where every lived experience is turned into a visual spectacle or performance.

(ii) Is it a recent occurrence?
No, it is not a recent occurrence; even in the 18th century, public executions were spectacles.

(iii) Do we really ‘live’ moments now?
No, we are too busy documenting them instead of truly living them.

(iv) Beside documentation, what is the other function of the spectacle?
It also serves as a form of public entertainment or collective experience.

(v) What is the meaning of ‘executions’ as used in the passage?
It means putting someone to death as a form of punishment.

(vi) Find the word from the passage that means ‘out of the ordinary’.
The word is “exotic”.

(vii) How do we show the proof of having eaten some exotic dish?
By clicking many photographs of it and sharing them on social media.

(viii) ‘One has to document…’ – what is the part of speech of the word underlined (‘document’)?
The word ‘document’ is used as a verb.

We often come across situations and incidents which appear quite contradictory to the known laws of Nature, creating doubts about the impartiality of divine justice. For instance, an honest, duty conscious, morally elevated person is. often seen caught in adversities in one form or the other, or is suddenly struck with a great misfortune in life as though he/she were being punished by God for a great sin. On the other hand, we find persons engaged in worst types of corrupt practices living in peace and prosperity. An idler wins a jackpot or inherits a fortune from unexpected. quarters, whereas a hard working intelligent person is found suffering endlessly for want of basic necessities. One person achieves great success with little effort, whereas another does not succeed in spite of his best efforts. Such phenomena are popularly ascribed to the role of fate.

Unprecedented natural calamities like famine, epidemics, tornadoes and floods, damage by lightning and earthquakes and untimely death are also commonly attributed to the will of God and are called predestined. Such unexpected happenings. as financial loss, accidents, sudden mental/physical disability and physical separation from a dear one are also attributed to fate

There are quite a few believers in this world who correlate people, places and things with good and bad luck. Such superstitions have caused extreme miseries to innocent persons. The root cause for such irrational behaviour is the belief that whatever come to pass is predestined by God and the beings created by him have absolutely no role shaping their own destiny Quite a few persons in this world for sake their responsibility in the mistaken belief that the gain and loss being predestined, there is no necessity of personal effort.

Questions

उत्तर:- (i) What causes doubts about the impartiality of divine justice?
Situations where honest and morally upright people face misfortunes, while corrupt individuals live in prosperity, cause doubts about the impartiality of divine justice.

(ii) What phenomena is popularly ascribed to the role of fate?
Unequal success, unexpected financial gains or losses, sudden misfortunes, and differences in life outcomes despite effort are popularly ascribed to the role of fate.

(iii) What natural calamities are mentioned in the passage?
Famine, epidemics, tornadoes, floods, lightning, and earthquakes are the natural calamities mentioned in the passage.

(iv) What causes extreme miseries to innocent persons?
Superstitions that associate people, places, and things with good or bad luck cause extreme miseries to innocent persons.

(v) What is the mistaken belief?
The mistaken belief is that everything is predestined by God and personal effort has no role in shaping one’s destiny.

(vi) Find out word from the passage that means ‘never having happened before’.
The word is “unprecedented.”

(vii) What is the synonym of ‘destiny’ used in the passage?
The synonym of ‘destiny’ used in the passage is “fate.”

(viii) Give opposite of necessity.
The opposite of necessity is “luxury” or “unimportance”

उत्तर:- E-communication, or electronic communication, has become essential in today’s digital world. However, it comes with several challenges such as misinterpretation of tone, delayed responses, lack of personal touch, security issues, and digital distractions.

To handle these challenges effectively, I will:

Use clear and concise language to avoid misunderstandings. Proper grammar and punctuation can help convey the right tone.

Avoid using slang or informal expressions in professional communication.

Ensure timely responses to maintain workflow and build trust.

Be mindful of tone, especially in emails and texts, which may sound rude without proper context or courtesy.

Utilize video calls when needed to enhance personal interaction and avoid confusion.

Use secure platforms and passwords to protect sensitive information.

Stay organized by managing notifications and checking emails at scheduled times to reduce distractions.

By following these strategies, I can ensure effective and respectful communication, even in a digital environment.

उत्तर:- A report is a formal written document that presents information in a clear, structured, and objective way, usually for a specific audience or purpose. Some key characteristics of a report include:

Factual and Objective: Reports are based on facts, not opinions. They present data and evidence without personal bias.

Structured Format: A report follows a set format, including sections like title, table of contents, introduction, findings, conclusion, and recommendations.

Purpose-Driven: Every report is written for a specific reason such as presenting research, progress updates, or incident analysis.

Clarity and Conciseness: Language used in a report is clear, concise, and free from unnecessary jargon.

Formal Tone: The tone is professional and formal.

Visual Support: Often includes charts, graphs, and tables to support the data and improve understanding.

These characteristics make reports essential tools for decision-making, problem-solving, and communication within academic, business, and government settings.

• (i) I want one of these books.
• (ii) The train arrived late.
• (iii) The leaves turn yellow,
• (iv) Tomorrow she leaves.
• (v) She made him happy.
• (vi) Paul gave his wife a gift.
• (vii) She has made her intentions clear now.
• (viii) She made a new dress yesterday.

उत्तर:- I want one of these books.
SVO (Subject: I, Verb: want, Object: one of these books)

The train arrived late.
SVA (Subject: The train, Verb: arrived, Adjunct: late)

The leaves turn yellow.
SVC (Subject: The leaves, Verb: turn, Complement: yellow)

Tomorrow she leaves.
ASV (Adjunct: Tomorrow, Subject: she, Verb: leaves)

She made him happy.
SVOC (Subject: She, Verb: made, Object: him, Complement: happy)

Paul gave his wife a gift.
SVOO (Subject: Paul, Verb: gave, Indirect Object: his wife, Direct Object: a gift)

She has made her intentions clear now.
SVOCA (Subject: She, Verb: has made, Object: her intentions, Complement: clear, Adjunct: now)

She made a new dress yesterday.
SVOA (Subject: She, Verb: made, Object: a new dress, Adjunct: yesterday)

• (i) Subject +V
• (ii) Subject + V + to infinitive
• (iii) Subject + be + adjective phrase
• (iv) There be subject adverbial adjunct
• (v) Subject + V + pronoun
• (vi) Subject + V + that clause
• (vii) Subject V+ noun/pronoun presentparticiple
• (viii) Subject V. noun/pronoun + pastparticiple

उत्तर:-

(i) Subject + V
Sentence: Birds fly.
This sentence has a subject (Birds) and a verb (fly).

(ii) Subject + V + to infinitive
Sentence: She wants to dance.
Subject is She, verb is wants, and to dance is the infinitive.

(iii) Subject + be + adjective phrase
Sentence: He is very happy today.
Subject: He, be verb: is, adjective phrase: very happy today.

(iv) There be subject adverbial adjunct
Sentence: There is a book on the table.
There introduces the sentence, is is the verb, a book is the subject, on the table is the adverbial adjunct.

(v) Subject + V + pronoun
Sentence: Ravi met him.
Subject: Ravi, verb: met, pronoun: him.

(vi) Subject + V + that clause
Sentence: I believe that she is honest.
Subject: I, verb: believe, and the clause that she is honest acts as the object.

(vii) Subject + V + noun/pronoun + present participle
Sentence: I saw him running.
Subject: I, verb: saw, noun/pronoun: him, participle: running.

(viii) Subject + V + noun/pronoun + past participle
Sentence: She got the car repaired.
Subject: She, verb: got, noun: the car, past participle: repaired.

• (i) Oh that my friends were here!
• (ii) Sorry, we cannot allow you to stay here.
• (iii) How about having dinner outside ?
• (iv) You shall get your money back.
• (v) Don’t smoke in the hall.
• (vi) I would rather starve than beg
• (vii) We have to leave today.
• (viii) Although he is sick, he will work hard.

उत्तर:-

(i) Oh that my friends were here!
Answer: This sentence expresses a wish or longing.
Notion: Wish

(ii) Sorry, we cannot allow you to stay here.
Answer: This sentence expresses refusal or denial of permission.
Notion: Refusal

(iii) How about having dinner outside?
Answer: This sentence is making a suggestion or proposal.
Notion: Suggestion

(iv) You shall get your money back.
Answer: This sentence expresses a promise or assurance.
Notion: Promise

(v) Don’t smoke in the hall.
Answer: This sentence expresses a prohibition or command.
Notion: Prohibition

(vi) I would rather starve than beg.
Answer: This sentence expresses preference.
Notion: Preference

(vii) We have to leave today.
Answer: This sentence expresses necessity or obligation.
Notion: Necessity

(viii) Although he is sick, he will work hard.
Answer: This sentence expresses concession (admitting one fact despite another).
Notion: Concession

• (i) Pejorative prefixes
• (ii) Prefixes showing location.
• (iii) Numerical prefixes
• (iv) Negative prefixes
• (v) Noun suffixes
• (vi) Adjective suffixes
• (vii) Verb suffixes
• (viii) Adverb suffixes

उत्तर:-

(i) Pejorative prefixes
Answer:

1. mis- → misbehave
2. pseudo- → pseudoscience

(ii) Prefixes showing location
Answer:

1. sub- → subway
2. inter- → international

(iii) Numerical prefixes
Answer:

1. mono- → monologue
2. tri- → triangle

(iv) Negative prefixes
Answer:

1. un- → unhappy
2. in- → incomplete

(v) Noun suffixes
Answer:

1. -ness → happiness
2. -tion → creation

(vi) Adjective suffixes
Answer:

1. -ful → hopeful
2. -ous → dangerous

(vii) Verb suffixes
Answer:

1. -ize → realize
2. -en → strengthen

(viii) Adverb suffixes
Answer:

1. -ly → quickly
2. -ward → forward

• (i) They have just painted the house.
• (ii) We are holding G-20 Summit this year.
• (iii) Writing essays requires a lot of skill.
• (iv) He told me to send the form to you.
• (v) Who will help me?
• (vi) Get out.
• (vii) Please help me.
• (vii) How did you repair it?

उत्तर:-

(i) They have just painted the house.
Passive: The house has just been painted.

(ii) We are holding G-20 Summit this year.
Passive: The G-20 Summit is being held this year.

(iii) Writing essays requires a lot of skill.
Passive: A lot of skill is required in writing essays.

(iv) He told me to send the form to you.
Passive: I was told by him to send the form to you.
(Alternatively: The form was to be sent to you by me as told by him.)

(v) Who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?

(vi) Get out.
Passive: (Imperative sentences like this are generally not used in passive voice, but if rephrased as an instruction:)
You are ordered to get out.

(vii) Please help me.
Passive: You are requested to help me.
(Alternatively: Let me be helped, please.)

(viii) How did you repair it?
Passive: How was it repaired by you?

उत्तर:- Listening is more than just hearing; it is a purposeful and interactive process. Purposeful listening means that the listener has a clear intention or goal, such as understanding a lecture, following instructions, or enjoying music. This kind of listening requires focus and attention. Interactive listening involves not only receiving information but also responding, either verbally or non-verbally. In a conversation, for example, the listener may nod, ask questions, or provide feedback, showing that they are actively engaged.

Effective listening includes several steps: receiving the message, understanding its meaning, evaluating the content, responding appropriately, and remembering the key points. It demands full concentration, empathy, and an open mind. Good listeners do not interrupt, they ask clarifying questions and paraphrase what they’ve heard to confirm understanding. In many situations—like interviews, group discussions, or meetings—listening also involves interpreting tone, facial expressions, and body language.

In short, listening is an essential communication skill that helps build relationships, solve problems, and avoid misunderstandings. It is not a passive activity but a dynamic and interactive process that contributes to effective learning and communication.

उत्तर:- The ABC of good notes refers to three key principles: Accuracy, Brevity, and Clarity.

Accuracy means the notes should correctly represent the original information. Incorrect details can lead to misunderstandings and errors.

Brevity refers to making notes short and to the point. Avoid writing full sentences unless necessary. Use bullet points, abbreviations, and symbols to save time and space.

Clarity ensures that the notes are easy to read and understand. Well-organized notes help in quick revision and better comprehension.

To effectively sub-divide notes, it is useful to follow a structured format. One common method is the outline method, where you divide notes under main headings and subheadings. For example:

Main topic

Sub-topic A

Key point 1

Key point 2

Sub-topic B

Example

Definition

Another useful method is the Cornell method, which divides the page into three sections: a narrow left column for cues/questions, a larger right column for notes, and a bottom space for summary. Sub-dividing notes in such ways enhances readability, memory retention, and allows for efficient review before exams.

उत्तर:- A report is a formal document that presents information in an organized and structured way. It is often used in academic, scientific, and professional contexts. Some key characteristics of a report include:

Objective and Factual: A report is based on facts, not opinions. It presents information objectively, often supported by data, evidence, or research.

Structured Format: Reports follow a standard format, usually including a title page, table of contents, introduction, main body, conclusion, and references or appendices.

Clear and Concise Language: Reports use simple and clear language. Sentences are often direct and free from unnecessary words.

Purpose-Driven: A report is written with a specific purpose, such as to inform, analyze, recommend, or evaluate.

Logical Organization: Information is arranged logically, often under headings and subheadings. This helps the reader follow the argument or findings easily.

Use of Visuals: Charts, tables, graphs, and diagrams are often included to present data effectively and make the report more understandable.

In summary, a good report communicates information efficiently, is well-organized, and supports its content with relevant facts and evidence.

• (i) His threats have become a nightmare.
• (ii) We followed them five miles
• (iii) Virat has scored a century again
• (iv) He left his wife in the bank
• (v) Can we get the programme changed?
• (vi) Sharma taught me Aristotle’s poetics.
• (vii) 1 keep my jewellery in a bank
• (viii) She told me a story

उत्तर:-

(i) His threats have become a nightmare.
Pattern: SVC
Explanation:

S (Subject): His threats

V (Verb): have become

C (Complement): a nightmare

(ii) We followed them five miles.
Pattern: SVOA
Explanation:

S: We

V: followed

O (Object): them

A (Adjunct): five miles

(iii) Virat has scored a century again.
Pattern: SVOA
Explanation:

S: Virat

V: has scored

O: a century

A: again

(iv) He left his wife in the bank.
Pattern: SVOA
Explanation:

S: He

V: left

O: his wife

A: in the bank

(v) Can we get the programme changed?
Pattern: SVOC
Explanation:

S: we

V: get

O: the programme

C: changed

(vi) Sharma taught me Aristotle’s poetics.
Pattern: SVOO
Explanation:

S: Sharma

V: taught

O (Indirect Object): me

O (Direct Object): Aristotle’s poetics

(vii) I keep my jewellery in a bank.
Pattern: SVOA
Explanation:

S: I

V: keep

O: my jewellery

A: in a bank

(viii) She told me a story.
Pattern: SVOO
Explanation:

S: She

V: told

O (Indirect Object): me

O (Direct Object): a story

• (i) It+BE+ adjective/noun + gerund.
• (ii) S+ Vi past participle
• (iii) S + Vt+ to-infinitive.
• (iv) S noun/pronoun participle. present

उत्तर:-

(i) It + BE + adjective/noun + gerund
It is fun swimming in the river.

(ii) S + Vi + past participle
She looked tired.

(iii) S + Vt + to-infinitive
He wants to study abroad.

(iv) S + noun/pronoun + present participle
I saw him crossing the road.

• (i) Noun phrase.
• (ii) Prepositional phrase.
• (iii) Genitive phrase.
• (iv) Adjective phrase

उत्तर:-

(i) Noun phrase
The old wooden chair
(“The old wooden chair” acts as a noun.)

(ii) Prepositional phrase
On the table
(“On the table” shows position and acts as a phrase with a preposition.)

(iii) Genitive phrase
Rahul’s bicycle
(“Rahul’s” shows possession — a genitive form.)

(iv) Adjective phrase
Full of energy
(“Full of energy” describes a noun — acts like an adjective.)

• (i) Mona was writing a letter to her father.
• (ii) Do you imitate others?
• (iii) Darjeeling grows tea.
• (iv) Please help me.

उत्तर:-

(i) Mona was writing a letter to her father.
A letter was being written to her father by Mona.

(ii) Do you imitate others?
Are others imitated by you?

(iii) Darjeeling grows tea.
Tea is grown in Darjeeling.

(iv) Please help me.
You are requested to help me.

• (i) “Please don’t go away”, she said.
• (ii) He said, “Where shall I be this time next

उत्तर:-

(i) “Please don’t go away”, she said.
She requested me not to go away.

(ii) He said, “Where shall I be this time next year?”
He wondered where he would be that time the next year.

• (i) He will win the election hands down.
• (ii) The thief took to his heels.
• (iii) The lady was shedding crocodile tears.
• (iv) The prices are going up by leaps and bounds.

उत्तर:-

(i) He will win the election hands down.
Answer: He will win the election very easily or without any difficulty.

(ii) The thief took to his heels.
Answer: The thief ran away very quickly; he fled.

(iii) The lady was shedding crocodile tears.
Answer: The lady was pretending to cry or showing false sorrow.

(iv) The prices are going up by leaps and bounds.
Answer: The prices are increasing very rapidly.

• (1) Study of stars.
• (ii) Fear of water.
• (iii) Killing of a newborn child.
• (iv) A shelter for dogs.

उत्तर:-

(i) Study of stars.
Answer: Astronomy

(ii) Fear of water.
Answer: Hydrophobia

(iii) Killing of a newborn child.
Answer: Infanticide

(iv) A shelter for dogs.
Answer: Kennel

used in the following words

(i) Unlock

(ii) Outline

(iii) Beautify

(iv) Delightful

उत्तर:-

(i) Unlock
Answer: Prefix – “un” (It is added before the root word “lock” to give the opposite meaning.)

(ii) Outline
Answer: Prefix – “out” (It is added before the root word “line” to indicate external or beyond.)

(iii) Beautify
Answer: Suffix – “ify” (It is added after the root word “beauty” to form a verb meaning “to make beautiful.”)

(iv) Delightful
Answer: Suffix – “ful” (It is added after the root word “delight” to form an adjective meaning “full of delight.”)

(i) Where is the scissors ?

(ii) It is I who is to blame,

(ii) None of them are deserving

(iv) Either of these two boys are guilty

उत्तर:-

(i) Where is the scissors?
Corrected: Where are the scissors?
(Explanation: “Scissors” is a plural noun, so the verb must be “are.”)

(ii) It is I who is to blame.
Corrected: It is I who am to blame.
(Explanation: The relative clause “who am” agrees with the pronoun “I.”)

(iii) None of them are deserving.
Corrected: None of them is deserving.
(Explanation: “None” is singular here, so use “is.” However, plural usage is also accepted informally.)

(iv) Either of these two boys are guilty.
Corrected: Either of these two boys is guilty.
(Explanation: “Either” is singular, so the verb should be “is.”)

उत्तर:- While writing a precis, several important points must be kept in mind to ensure clarity, conciseness, and accuracy. First, understanding the main theme of the passage is essential before attempting to summarize it. One should read the original text thoroughly to grasp the central idea and supporting details. The precis should be written in one’s own words, avoiding direct sentences from the original passage unless absolutely necessary.

Secondly, the precis must exclude all irrelevant details, examples, repetitions, and any figures of speech or decorative language used in the original. It should be brief, clear, and logically arranged. The use of precise and formal language is important, and the tone of the original passage should be retained.

Furthermore, the precis should be written in third-person narrative and in the past tense. Personal opinions or interpretations must be avoided. The ideal length of a precis is about one-third of the original passage. Lastly, one must assign a suitable title that captures the essence of the original text. A well-written precis reflects both comprehension and summarizing skills effectively.

उत्तर:-

Book Review: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee

“To Kill a Mockingbird” is a powerful novel written by Harper Lee, set in the American South during the 1930s. The story is narrated by a young girl, Scout Finch, who lives with her brother Jem and their widowed father, Atticus Finch. The novel explores serious themes such as racial injustice, moral growth, and human compassion.

One of the most impressive aspects of the book is the character of Atticus Finch, a lawyer who defends a black man, Tom Robinson, falsely accused of assaulting a white woman. Atticus stands as a symbol of integrity and justice. The innocence of Scout and her gradual understanding of the world around her adds emotional depth to the story.

Harper Lee’s writing is simple yet deeply moving, capturing the complexities of human nature and society. The novel teaches important lessons about prejudice, courage, and empathy.

“To Kill a Mockingbird” is a must-read for anyone interested in literature with a strong moral message. It not only tells a compelling story but also urges readers to reflect on social issues that are still relevant today. It remains one of the most celebrated works of American fiction.

उत्तर:- A bibliography is a list of all the sources—books, articles, websites, or other materials—that a person has referred to or cited while researching and writing a document, such as an essay, report, or academic paper. It serves to give proper credit to original authors, help readers locate sources, and avoid plagiarism.

The reference list, also called “Works Cited” or “References,” should be organized in a systematic and consistent way, usually in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. It should follow a specific citation style such as APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or Chicago Manual of Style, depending on the academic discipline or institution guidelines.

Here’s how a reference list can be organized using APA style:

1. Books:

Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year of Publication). Title of the book in italics. Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. (2010). Understanding Sociology. Oxford University Press.

2. Journal Articles:

Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page numbers.

Example: Johnson, R. (2015). Education reforms in India. Journal of Education Policy, 12(3), 45–52.

3. Websites:

Author (if available). (Year, Month Date). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL

Example: World Health Organization. (2022, March 10). Health and wellness. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-and-wellness

Key rules while organizing a reference list:

Use double-spacing throughout.

Use a hanging indent (second line of each entry is indented).

Be consistent in punctuation, capitalization, and formatting.

Include only the sources actually cited in the text (in the case of references) or all materials consulted (in the case of a full bibliography).

In academic writing, including a bibliography or reference list shows integrity, supports your arguments with evidence, and allows readers to explore the topic further.

उत्तर:- To
The Editor,
The City Herald,
udaipur

Subject: Stray Cattle Menace on City Roads

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am Kailash, a resident of Udaipur, and I would like to draw the attention of the authorities and the public through the columns of your esteemed newspaper to a pressing issue—the problem of stray cattle on the roads of our city.

In recent months, the number of stray cows, bulls, and other animals wandering the streets has increased drastically. These animals are often seen blocking traffic, causing accidents, and creating chaos on busy roads, especially during peak hours. Pedestrians, school children, and elderly people are particularly at risk. At night, the danger becomes even more serious, as the animals are difficult to spot and have caused several fatal accidents.

These stray animals are not just a threat to human life but also suffer themselves due to lack of food, shelter, and exposure to traffic hazards. It is the responsibility of municipal authorities to ensure proper animal shelters and strict rules for livestock owners. Unfortunately, negligence has turned this issue into a major civic problem.

I request the concerned authorities to take immediate action by setting up dedicated cattle shelters, penalizing irresponsible cattle owners, and organizing awareness campaigns. The cooperation of citizens, NGOs, and government bodies is essential to resolve this issue.

I hope this letter helps initiate action toward making our city safer for both humans and animals.

Yours sincerely,
kailash Jangid
[udaipur rajasthan]
[Date….]

उत्तर:- Compound words are formed when two or more words are combined to create a new word with a distinct meaning. The process of creating compound words is a significant part of vocabulary development in English. Compound words help in expressing ideas more precisely and compactly.

There are three main types of compound words:

1. Closed Compounds – These are written as a single word without any space between them.

Examples: notebook, sunflower, toothpaste, bedroom

Sun + flower = Sunflower (a type of plant, not just sun and flower separately)

2. Hyphenated Compounds – These use a hyphen to link the words.

Examples: mother-in-law, check-in, well-known, part-time

Well + known = well-known (commonly recognized)

3. Open Compounds – These are written as two separate words, but the meaning is understood as one.

Examples: post office, high school, real estate, full moon

High + school = high school (a type of educational institution)

Formation Process: Compound words are often formed from combinations of different parts of speech:

Noun + Noun: toothpaste, raincoat

Adjective + Noun: blackboard, greenhouse

Verb + Noun: swimming pool, washing machine

Noun + Verb: sunrise, haircut

Adjective + Verb: high-rise, deep-fry

Purpose and Usage: Compound words help to convey meaning more efficiently. For example, instead of saying “a paste used for brushing teeth,” we simply say “toothpaste.” They also make the language more flexible and rich.

In conclusion, compound word formation is a dynamic process that enriches the English language. Knowing how to form and use them correctly is essential for better communication and writing

उत्तर:-Effects of Social Networking Sites

In today’s digital age, social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and WhatsApp have become an integral part of our daily lives. While these platforms offer numerous benefits, they also come with several negative consequences. Their impact on society, particularly on youth, is significant and multifaceted.

On the positive side, social networking sites have revolutionized the way we communicate. They allow people to stay connected with friends and family across the globe. These platforms also provide opportunities for education, business, marketing, and social awareness. For instance, many small businesses and entrepreneurs use social media to promote their products. Educational institutions share study material and updates through these platforms. Moreover, they serve as a platform to raise awareness about important issues such as climate change, gender equality, and mental health.

However, the negative effects of social networking sites cannot be ignored. One of the most serious concerns is addiction. Many people, especially teenagers, spend several hours scrolling through content, which leads to a decline in academic performance and productivity. Social media often promotes a false sense of reality, where people compare their lives to others, leading to feelings of low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

Additionally, these platforms have become breeding grounds for cyberbullying, misinformation, and fake news. Personal privacy is at risk as user data is often shared or leaked. The pressure to present a “perfect life” online also creates psychological stress. Children are particularly vulnerable as they are exposed to inappropriate content and strangers.

In conclusion, social networking sites are powerful tools that offer both benefits and challenges. While they connect the world in unique ways, their misuse can harm individuals and society. Therefore, it is important to use these platforms responsibly, ensure digital literacy, and maintain a healthy balance between online and offline life.

One of our most difficult problems is what we call discipline and it is really very complex. You see, society feels that it must control or discipline the citizens, and shape his mind according to certain religious, social, moral and economic patterns. Now, is discipline necessary at all ? Please listen carefully. Don’t immediately say yes no. Most of us feel, especially while we are young, that there should be no discipline, that we should be allowed
to do whatever we like and we think that is freedom. But merely to say that we should be free and so on has very little meaning without understanding the whole problem of discipline.

The keen athlete is disciplining the whole time, is n’t he? His joy in playing games and the very necessity to keep fit make him go to bed early, refrain from smoking, eat the right food, and generally observe the rules of good health. His discipline and punctuality are not an imposition but a natural outcome of his enjoyment of athletics. (171 words)

उत्तर:- Title: Understanding Discipline and Freedom

Precis: Discipline is often misunderstood, especially by the young, as a restriction on freedom. Society imposes discipline to mold individuals according to certain standards—religious, moral, social, and economic. However, true understanding of discipline reveals that it need not be a forced restriction. For example, an athlete willingly follows strict routines—avoiding smoking, eating right, and sleeping early—not because of imposed rules, but due to his love for sports and the desire to stay fit. Hence, real discipline arises naturally from interest and commitment, rather than external enforcement. Freedom without understanding discipline becomes meaningless.

• (a) Components of a research paper
• (b) Avoiding Plagiarism

उत्तर:- (a) Components of a Research Paper:

A research paper typically includes the following components:

1. Title – Reflects the content and focus of the paper.
2. Abstract – A brief summary of the research, including objectives, methods, results, and conclusion.
3. Introduction – States the problem, research objectives, and significance.
4. Literature Review – Reviews previous research related to the topic.
5. Methodology – Explains how the research was conducted, including tools, techniques, and procedures.
6. Results – Presents the findings of the research.
7. Discussion/Analysis – Interprets the results and compares them with existing studies.
8. Conclusion – Summarizes the main points and suggests future research.
9. References/Bibliography – Lists all the sources cited.

(b) Avoiding Plagiarism:

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper acknowledgment. To avoid it:

Always cite sources properly using a consistent referencing style (APA, MLA, etc.).

Use quotation marks for direct quotes.

Paraphrase properly and still credit the original author.

Use plagiarism detection tools to check your work.

Keep track of all references during research.

Maintaining academic honesty is essential for the credibility and originality of any research work.

उत्तर:- Electronic media refers to media that uses electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user to access content. Types include:

1. Television – Delivers news, entertainment, and educational programs.
2. Radio – Audio medium for music, news, and talk shows.
3. Internet – Interactive medium including websites, blogs, podcasts, and social media platforms.
4. Cinema/Films – Motion pictures used for entertainment and information.
5. Mobile Media – Smartphones and tablets for accessing digital content on the go.
6. Digital News Portals – Online platforms for newspapers and journals.

Electronic media plays a vital role in communication, education, and social interaction, offering both visual and audio content to large audiences.

• (i) Advantages of Joint Family
• (ii) Youth and Age
• (iii) Advantages and Evils of social media

उत्तर:- (iii) Advantages and Evils of Social Media

Essay:

Introduction:
Social media has revolutionized communication in the modern era. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp have connected people across the globe.

Advantages:
One major benefit is instant connectivity. It enables real-time communication and information sharing. Social media also allows for network building, career opportunities through platforms like LinkedIn, and education via online tutorials and discussions. Moreover, it provides a voice to the voiceless, allowing social awareness and activism.

Evils:
However, social media has its downsides. Addiction and time-wasting are common, especially among youth. It can lead to mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Cyberbullying, privacy invasion, and fake news are serious problems. It also affects personal relationships and reduces face-to-face communication.

Conclusion:
Social media is a powerful tool that must be used wisely. With responsible use, it can be a force for good; misused, it becomes harmful. Balance and awareness are key to making social media beneficial rather than destructive.

उत्तर:- Compound words are formed when two or more words are joined to create a new word with a specific meaning. There are three primary approaches to compounding in English:

1. Semantic Approach
   This approach focuses on the meaning of the compound. It studies how the meaning of the compound word arises from the meanings of its parts. Sometimes, the compound retains the meaning of both words, while in other cases, the meaning may be entirely new.

Endocentric compounds retain the core meaning from one of the words. Example: toothbrush (a brush for teeth).

Exocentric compounds have meanings not directly deduced from the individual words. Example: pickpocket (a thief, not someone who picks a pocket literally).

Copulative compounds combine two elements of equal importance. Example: bittersweet.

2. Syntactic Approach
   This approach examines the grammatical structure of compound words. It classifies compounds based on parts of speech and their syntactic relationships.

Noun + Noun: football, classroom

Adjective + Noun: blackboard, hotdog

Verb + Noun: swimsuit, breakfast

Preposition + Noun: underworld These combinations follow syntactic rules and often reflect word order similar to regular English syntax.

3. Phonological Approach
   This approach studies sound patterns in compound formation. Stress placement plays a key role in distinguishing compounds from phrases.

For example:

Compound: ‘blackbird (a type of bird; primary stress on ‘black)

Phrase: black ‘bird (a bird that is black; stress on bird)

In many English compounds, the primary stress is placed on the first element, helping differentiate it from simple adjective-noun phrases.

Conclusion:
The three approaches—semantic, syntactic, and phonological—offer a holistic understanding of how compound words are formed and interpreted in English. Each approach emphasizes different linguistic aspects but collectively helps in understanding the structure, sound, and meaning of compounds.

उत्तर:- A good research paper is a scholarly document that presents original findings or analysis in a clear, organized, and credible manner. It serves to advance knowledge in a particular field and adheres to academic standards. The key qualities of a good research paper include:

1. Clarity and Precision
   The language must be clear, concise, and free from ambiguity. The arguments and ideas should be presented logically and coherently.
2. Well-defined Objective
   A strong research paper starts with a clear research question or thesis. The purpose of the study should be well-articulated in the introduction.
3. Originality
   The research must offer new insights, perspectives, or solutions to a problem. Plagiarism or repeating existing work without value addition undermines its quality.
4. Proper Structure and Organization
   A good paper follows a systematic format: Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Each section has a distinct purpose and should transition smoothly into the next.
5. Evidence-based Arguments
   Claims made in the paper should be supported with strong evidence—either from primary research or credible secondary sources.
6. Critical Thinking and Analysis
   Rather than just describing data, a good research paper involves analysis, interpretation, and critical thinking. It should reflect the researcher’s ability to assess and synthesize information.
7. Use of Proper Methodology
   Appropriate research methods must be used based on the field of study. The methodology should be justified and clearly explained.
8. Referencing and Citations
   Citing sources properly is crucial. It lends credibility to the work and acknowledges previous contributions. Styles like APA, MLA, or Chicago should be consistently followed.
9. Academic Tone
   The paper should maintain a formal, objective, and impersonal tone throughout. Slang, casual expressions, and emotional language should be avoided.
10. Conclusion and Implications
    The conclusion should summarize key findings and explain their significance. A good research paper also suggests areas for future research.

A good research paper is a well-written, thoroughly researched, and systematically presented document that contributes meaningfully to academic discourse. It combines clarity, originality, and analytical depth, making it valuable to readers and scholars alike.