VMOU QEG IMPORTANT QUESTION ANSWER
Certainly! Here are 50 more advanced multiple-choice questions (MCQs) covering a variety of English grammar topics, with answers provided after each question:
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of the subjunctive mood:
- A) If I was rich, I would travel the world.
- B) If I were rich, I would travel the world.
- C) If I am rich, I would travel the world.
- D) If I would be rich, I would travel the world.
- Answer: B) If I were rich, I would travel the world.
- Which sentence contains a correct example of parallel structure?
- A) She likes hiking, to swim, and biking.
- B) She likes hiking, swimming, and biking.
- C) She likes to hike, swimming, and biking.
- D) She likes hiking, swimming, and to bike.
- Answer: B) She likes hiking, swimming, and biking.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “I suggest that he __ the job.”
- A) takes
- B) took
- C) take
- D) taken
- Answer: C) take
- Which of the following sentences is an example of an elliptical clause?
- A) She can play the piano better than I can.
- B) She can play the piano better than me.
- C) She can play the piano better than I.
- D) She can play the piano better than I do.
- Answer: A) She can play the piano better than I can.
- Identify the correct use of the hyphen:
- A) It is a well-known fact.
- B) It is a well known fact.
- C) It is a wellknown fact.
- D) It is a well, known fact.
- Answer: A) It is a well-known fact.
- Choose the correct verb form: “He wishes he __ more time to finish the project.”
- A) have
- B) has
- C) had
- D) having
- Answer: C) had
- Identify the type of sentence: “Although she was tired, she finished her homework.”
- A) simple
- B) compound
- C) complex
- D) compound-complex
- Answer: C) complex
- Which sentence uses an appositive correctly?
- A) My brother, a doctor, works at the hospital.
- B) My brother a doctor, works at the hospital.
- C) My brother a doctor works at the hospital.
- D) My brother, a doctor works at the hospital.
- Answer: A) My brother, a doctor, works at the hospital.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It is essential that she __ on time.”
- A) is
- B) be
- C) are
- D) being
- Answer: B) be
- Identify the correct use of the semicolon:
- A) She loves to read; however, she doesn’t have much time.
- B) She loves to read however; she doesn’t have much time.
- C) She loves to read, however; she doesn’t have much time.
- D) She loves to read; however she doesn’t have much time.
- Answer: A) She loves to read; however, she doesn’t have much time.
- Which of the following sentences uses the correct conditional form?
- A) If I would have known, I would have told you.
- B) If I had known, I would have told you.
- C) If I knew, I would have told you.
- D) If I would know, I would tell you.
- Answer: B) If I had known, I would have told you.
- Choose the correct form of the adjective: “She is the __ of the three sisters.”
- A) more talented
- B) most talented
- C) talented
- D) talentedest
- Answer: B) most talented
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an idiom:
- A) She let the cat out of the bag.
- B) She let the dog out of the house.
- C) She let the bird out of the cage.
- D) She let the fish out of the tank.
- Answer: A) She let the cat out of the bag.
- Which of the following sentences uses a correct compound-complex structure?
- A) She went to the store, but it was closed.
- B) She went to the store, and she bought milk because she needed it.
- C) She went to the store because she needed milk, and it was closed.
- D) She went to the store; however, it was closed.
- Answer: C) She went to the store because she needed milk, and it was closed.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s time we __ going.”
- A) are
- B) were
- C) is
- D) be
- Answer: B) were
- Identify the correct use of quotation marks:
- A) “The only thing we have to fear,” said Roosevelt, “is fear itself.”
- B) “The only thing we have to fear,” said Roosevelt, is “fear itself.”
- C) “The only thing we have to fear, said Roosevelt, “is fear itself.”
- D) “The only thing we have to fear,” said Roosevelt, “is fear itself”.
- Answer: A) “The only thing we have to fear,” said Roosevelt, “is fear itself.”
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a phrasal verb?
- A) She looked up the word in the dictionary.
- B) She looked the word up in the dictionary.
- C) She looked up in the dictionary the word.
- D) She looked in the dictionary up the word.
- Answer: A) She looked up the word in the dictionary.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “He acts as though he __ the boss.”
- A) is
- B) was
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: C) were
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an ellipsis:
- A) She began to speak… and then stopped.
- B) She began to speak and… then stopped.
- C) She began… to speak and then stopped.
- D) She began to speak and then… stopped.
- Answer: A) She began to speak… and then stopped.
- Which sentence uses a restrictive clause correctly?
- A) The book, that I borrowed from the library, was interesting.
- B) The book, which I borrowed from the library was interesting.
- C) The book that I borrowed from the library was interesting.
- D) The book which I borrowed from the library, was interesting.
- Answer: C) The book that I borrowed from the library was interesting.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “I would rather you __ home now.”
- A) go
- B) went
- C) gone
- D) going
- Answer: B) went
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a colon:
- A) He wanted to learn three languages: French, German, and Spanish.
- B) He wanted to learn: three languages, French, German, and Spanish.
- C) He wanted: to learn three languages, French, German, and Spanish.
- D) He wanted to learn three languages, French, German: and Spanish.
- Answer: A) He wanted to learn three languages: French, German, and Spanish.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of the possessive?
- A) Its’ a beautiful day.
- B) It’s a beautiful day.
- C) Its a beautiful day.
- D) It is a beautiful day.
- Answer: B) It’s a beautiful day.
- Choose the correct verb form: “She insisted that he __ present at the meeting.”
- A) is
- B) be
- C) being
- D) was
- Answer: B) be
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:
- A) He wants to quickly run.
- B) He wants quickly to run.
- C) He wants to run quickly.
- D) He quickly wants to run.
- Answer: C) He wants to run quickly.
- Which of the following sentences uses the correct tense sequence?
- A) She said that she will go to the store.
- B) She said that she goes to the store.
- C) She said that she would go to the store.
- D) She said that she is going to the
- Answer: C) She said that she would go to the store.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “If I __ you, I would apologize.”
- A) am
- B) was
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: C) were
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a prepositional phrase:
- A) She sat on the chair by the window.
- B) She sat by the window on the chair.
- C) She by the window sat on the chair.
- D) She on the chair sat by the window.
- Answer: A) She sat on the chair by the window.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a gerund?
- A) He enjoys to read.
- B) He enjoys reading.
- C) He enjoys read.
- D) He enjoys to reading.
- Answer: B) He enjoys reading.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It is crucial that he __ his homework.”
- A) does
- B) do
- C) doing
- D) done
- Answer: B) do
- Identify the correct use of an apostrophe:
- A) The dog’s leash is on the table.
- B) The dogs’ leash is on the table.
- C) The dogs leash is on the table.
- D) The dog is leash is on the table.
- Answer: A) The dog’s leash is on the table.
- Which sentence uses a coordinating conjunction correctly?
- A) She likes to dance, but not to sing.
- B) She likes to dance, but she does not like to sing.
- C) She likes to dance, but, not to sing.
- D) She likes to dance but, she does not like to sing.
- Answer: B) She likes to dance, but she does not like to sing.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “If she __ earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the bus.”
- A) leaves
- B) left
- C) had left
- D) has left
- Answer: C) had left
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a relative pronoun:
- A) The book, which is on the table, is mine.
- B) The book which is on the table is mine.
- C) The book, that is on the table, is mine.
- D) The book that is on the table is mine.
- Answer: D) The book that is on the table is mine.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a modal verb?
- A) She must leaves now.
- B) She must leaving now.
- C) She must leave now.
- D) She must to leave now.
- Answer: C) She must leave now.
- Choose the correct verb form: “I wish I __ more time to spend with my family.”
- A) have
- B) had
- C) has
- D) having
- Answer: B) had
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a correlative conjunction:
- A) Either you can have tea or coffee.
- B) Either you can have tea nor coffee.
- C) Either you can have tea and coffee.
- D) Either you can have tea but coffee.
- Answer: A) Either you can have tea or coffee.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of the subjunctive mood?
- A) If he was taller, he would be a basketball player.
- B) If he were taller, he would be a basketball player.
- C) If he is taller, he would be a basketball player.
- D) If he would be taller, he would be a basketball player.
- Answer: B) If he were taller, he would be a basketball player.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “He proposed that the meeting __ postponed.”
- A) is
- B) be
- C) being
- D) was
- Answer: B) be
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an adverb clause:
- A) She will succeed because she works hard.
- B) She will succeed because works hard.
- C) She will succeed she works hard because.
- D) Because she works hard she will succeed.
- Answer: A) She will succeed because she works hard.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s important that she __ on time.”
- A) arrive
- B) arrives
- C) arriving
- D) arrived
- Answer: A) arrive
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a comma:
- A) She bought apples oranges and bananas.
- B) She bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
- C) She bought apples oranges, and bananas.
- D) She bought, apples, oranges, and bananas.
- Answer: B) She bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a pronoun?
- A) Each of the boys brought their own lunch.
- B) Each of the boys brought his own lunch.
- C) Each of the boys brought there own lunch.
- D) Each of the boys brought they’re own lunch.
- Answer: B) Each of the boys brought his own lunch.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “She wishes she __ more time.”
- A) have
- B) has
- C) had
- D) having
- Answer: C) had
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a dash:
- A) He is the president – or at least he used to be.
- B) He is the president, or at least he used to be.
- C) He is the president or at least he used to be.
- D) He is the president; or at least he used to be.
- Answer: A) He is the president – or at least he used to be.
- Which of the following sentences uses an adjective correctly?
- A) She sings beautiful.
- B) She sings beautifully.
- C) She sings beauty.
- D) She sings beautify.
- Answer: B) She sings beautifully.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s necessary that he __ the application.”
- A) submit
- B) submits
- C) submitting
- D) submitted
- Answer: A) submit
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a colon:
- A) She needs three things: a pen, a notebook, and a calculator.
- B) She needs three things a pen: a notebook, and a calculator.
- C) She needs: three things a pen, a notebook, and a calculator.
- D) She needs three things a pen, a notebook: and a calculator.
- Answer: A) She needs three things: a pen, a notebook, and a calculator.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of an adverb?
- A) She runs quick.
- B) She runs quickly.
- C) She runs quicker.
- D) She runs quickest.
- Answer: B) She runs quickly.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “If he __ here, he would help us.”
- A) is
- B) was
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: C) were
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an apostrophe:
- A) Its a beautiful day.
- B) It’s a beautiful day.
- C) Its’ a beautiful day.
- D) It is a beautiful day.
- Answer: B) It’s a beautiful day.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a prepositional phrase?
- A) She lives in a house near to the beach.
- B) She lives in a house near the beach.
- C) She lives near a house to the beach.
- D) She lives to a house near the beach.
- Answer: B) She lives in a house near the beach.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s vital that he __ to the meeting.”
- A) goes
- B) go
- C) going
- D) gone
- Answer: B) go
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a semicolon:
- A) She loves to read; she doesn’t have much time.
- B) She loves to read; however, she doesn’t have much time.
- C) She loves to read; but, she doesn’t have much time.
- D) She loves to read, she doesn’t have much time.
- Answer: B) She loves to read; however, she doesn’t have much time.
- Which of the following sentences uses a noun correctly?
- A) She is a quickly runner.
- B) She is a quick runner.
- C) She is a quickest runner.
- D) She is a more quick runner.
- Answer: B) She is a quick runner.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “I demand that he __ immediately.”
- A) leaves
- B) leave
- C) leaving
- D) left
- Answer: B) leave
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a hyphen:
- A) He is a well known artist.
- B) He is a well-known artist.
- C) He is a wellknown artist.
- D) He is a well, known artist.
- Answer: B) He is a well-known artist.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a conjunction?
- A) She is not only talented, but also hardworking.
- B) She is not only talented, but hardworking also.
- C) She is not only talented, and also hardworking.
- D) She is not only talented but also hardworking.
- Answer: D) She is not only talented but also hardworking.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “If he __ harder, he would succeed.”
- A) work
- B) works
- C) worked
- D) working
- Answer: C) worked
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an ellipsis:
- A) She began to speak… and then stopped.
- B) She began to speak and… then stopped.
- C) She began… to speak and then stopped.
- D) She began to speak and then… stopped.
- Answer: A) She began to speak… and then stopped.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a comparative adjective?
- A) She is more smarter than her brother.
- B) She is smarter than her brother.
- C) She is most smarter than her brother.
- D) She is more smart than her brother.
- Answer: B) She is smarter than her brother.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s essential that she __ early.”
- A) arrives
- B) arrive
- C) arriving
- D) arrived
- Answer: B) arrive
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a relative pronoun:
- A) The book, which is on the table, is mine.
- B) The book that is on the table is mine.
- C) The book which is on the table is mine.
- D) The book, that is on the table, is mine.
- Answer: B) The book that is on the table is mine.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of a possessive pronoun?
- A) That book is my.
- B) That book is mine.
- C) That book is me.
- D) That book is I.
- Answer: B) That book is mine.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s imperative that he __ to the doctor.”
- A) goes
- B) go
- C) going
- D) gone
- Answer: B) go
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of an infinitive:
- A) He wants to quickly finish his work.
- B) He wants quickly to finish his work.
- C) He wants to finish his work quickly.
- D) He quickly wants to finish his work.
- Answer: C) He wants to finish his work quickly.
- Which sentence uses the correct form of an irregular verb?
- A) He has went to the store.
- B) He has gone to the store.
- C) He has go to the store.
- D) He has goes to the store.
- Answer: B) He has gone to the store.
- Choose the correct form of the verb: “It’s crucial that she __ her best effort.”
- A) gives
- B) give
- C) giving
- D) given
- Answer: B) give
- Identify the sentence with the correct use of a correlative conjunction:
Which of the following is a compound sentence?
- A) She went to the store and bought some milk.
- B) He enjoys reading books.
- C) The cat is sleeping.
- D) Although it was raining, we went out.
- Answer: A) She went to the store and bought some milk.
Identify the correct use of the semicolon:
- A) I have a big test tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight.
- B) I have a big test tomorrow, I can’t go out tonight.
- C) I have a big test tomorrow: I can’t go out tonight.
- D) I have a big test tomorrow; and I can’t go out tonight.
- Answer: A) I have a big test tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight.
Which sentence uses the past perfect tense?
- A) She will have finished her work by tomorrow.
- B) She had finished her work before she went out.
- C) She finished her work before she went out.
- D) She finishes her work quickly.
- Answer: B) She had finished her work before she went out.
Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence: “Neither the students nor the teacher ____ happy with the results.”
- A) are
- B) were
- C) is
- D) be
- Answer: C) is
Which sentence contains a gerund?
- A) Running is good exercise.
- B) She is running fast.
- C) They ran to the store.
- D) He will run tomorrow.
- Answer: A) Running is good exercise.
Identify the adverb in the following sentence: “She sings beautifully.”
- A) sings
- B) she
- C) beautifully
- D) none of the above
- Answer: C) beautifully
Choose the sentence with the correct subject-verb agreement:
- A) The team are winning.
- B) The team is winning.
- C) The teams is winning.
- D) The team was winning.
- Answer: B) The team is winning.
Which of the following sentences uses the active voice?
- A) The cake was eaten by the children.
- B) The children ate the cake.
- C) The cake is being eaten by the children.
- D) The cake has been eaten by the children.
- Answer: B) The children ate the cake.
Identify the type of conjunction used in the following sentence: “I will go to the store if you come with me.”
- A) coordinating
- B) subordinating
- C) correlative
- D) none of the above
- Answer: B) subordinating
Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentence: “Everyone should bring ____ own lunch.”
- A) their
- B) his
- C) her
- D) their or her
- Answer: D) their or her
Which of the following sentences contains a prepositional phrase?
- A) She walked to the store.
- B) She is walking.
- C) She walked quickly.
- D) She will walk tomorrow.
- Answer: A) She walked to the store.
Identify the type of clause in the following sentence: “The book that I borrowed was very interesting.”
- A) independent clause
- B) dependent clause
- C) adverbial clause
- D) noun clause
- Answer: B) dependent clause
Choose the correct adjective form to complete the sentence: “This is the ____ movie I have ever seen.”
- A) more interesting
- B) most interesting
- C) interesting
- D) much interesting
- Answer: B) most interesting
Which sentence uses the correct comparative form?
- A) She is more smarter than her brother.
- B) She is smarter than her brother.
- C) She is the more smarter of the two.
- D) She is the smarter than her brother.
- Answer: B) She is smarter than her brother.
Identify the correct use of the apostrophe:
- A) Its a beautiful day.
- B) The dog’s collar is red.
- C) The dogs collar is red.
- D) Its’ a beautiful day.
- Answer: B) The dog’s collar is red.
Which of the following sentences is in the passive voice?
- A) The chef cooked the meal.
- B) The meal was cooked by the chef.
- C) The chef is cooking the meal.
- D) The chef cooks the meal.
- Answer: B) The meal was cooked by the chef.
Choose the correct form of the verb: “He ____ to the store every Sunday.”
- A) go
- B) goes
- C) going
- D) gone
- Answer: B) goes
Identify the noun clause in the following sentence: “I don’t know where she lives.”
- A) I don’t know
- B) where she lives
- C) she lives
- D) don’t know where
- Answer: B) where she lives
Which of the following sentences is a complex sentence?
- A) I went to the store and I bought some milk.
- B) I went to the store, but it was closed.
- C) I went to the store because I needed some milk.
- D) I went to the store; it was closed.
- Answer: C) I went to the store because I needed some milk.
Choose the correct relative pronoun: “This is the book ____ I was talking about.”
- A) who
- B) whom
- C) which
- D) whose
- Answer: C) which
Identify the correct use of the comma:
- A) I bought apples, oranges and bananas.
- B) I bought apples oranges and bananas.
- C) I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
- D) I bought, apples, oranges and bananas.
- Answer: C) I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
- A) “What time is it?” asked John.
- B) “What time is it”, asked John.
- C) “What time is it?” asked John?
- D) “What time is it” asked John.
- Answer: A) “What time is it?” asked John.
Choose the correct verb form: “If I ____ you, I would apologize.”
- A) am
- B) was
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: C) were
Which sentence contains a direct object?
- A) She slept deeply.
- B) She sang a song.
- C) She is sleeping.
- D) She will sleep.
- Answer: B) She sang a song.
Identify the correct adjective form to complete the sentence: “She is the ____ of all the students.”
- A) more intelligent
- B) most intelligent
- C) intelligent
- D) more intelligent than
- Answer: B) most intelligent
Which of the following sentences uses an infinitive?
- A) She enjoys reading books.
- B) She wants to read a book.
- C) She is reading a book.
- D) She read a book.
- Answer: B) She wants to read a book.
Identify the correct use of the colon:
- A) She needs: eggs, milk, and bread.
- B) She needs eggs, milk: and bread.
- C) She needs: eggs; milk, and bread.
- D) She needs the following items: eggs, milk, and bread.
- Answer: D) She needs the following items: eggs, milk, and bread.
Choose the correct pronoun: “Each of the students has ____ own locker.”
- A) their
- B) his or her
- C) her
- D) his
- Answer: B) his or her
Which of the following sentences uses a modal verb?
- A) She can speak three languages.
- B) She speaks three languages.
- C) She is speaking three languages.
- D) She has spoken three languages.
- Answer: A) She can speak three languages.
Identify the preposition in the following sentence: “The book is on the table.”
- A) book
- B) on
- C) table
- D) is
- Answer: B) on
Choose the correct verb form: “By the time we arrived, she ____ .”
- A) has left
- B) had left
- C) will leave
- D) leaves
- Answer: B) had left
Which of the following sentences is in the future perfect tense?
- A) She will finish her homework.
- B) She will have finished her homework.
- C) She finishes her homework.
- D) She finished her homework.
- Answer: B) She will have finished her homework.
Identify the subject of the following sentence: “Running is a good exercise.”
- A) Running
- B) is
- C) good
- D) exercise
- Answer: A) Running
Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?
- A) Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful.
- B) The trees were beautiful as I walked down the street.
- C) As I walked down the street, the trees were beautiful.
- D) Walking down the street, I saw beautiful trees.
- Answer: A) Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful.
Choose the correct verb form: “Neither of the answers ____ correct.”
- A) are
- B) is
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: B) is
Identify the adverb in the following sentence: “She quickly ran to the store.”
- A) she
- B) quickly
- C) ran
- D) store
- Answer: B) quickly
Which of the following sentences uses the correct article?
- A) She is an honest person.
- B) She is a honest person.
- C) She is the honest person.
- D) She is honest person.
- Answer: A) She is an honest person.
Identify the type of sentence: “Do you know where the library is?”
- A) declarative
- B) imperative
- C) interrogative
- D) exclamatory
- Answer: C) interrogative
Which of the following sentences uses an interjection?
- A) Wow! That was amazing.
- B) She is running fast.
- C) He reads books.
- D) They are going to the market.
- Answer: A) Wow! That was amazing.
Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence: “I will go to the store ____ I need some milk.”
- A) and
- B) or
- C) because
- D) but
- Answer: C) because
Which sentence uses the correct form of “who” or “whom”?
- A) Who did you see at the party?
- B) Whom is coming to the meeting?
- C) Whom did you talk to yesterday?
- D) Who do you work with?
- Answer: A) Who did you see at the party?
Identify the indirect object in the following sentence: “She gave her friend a gift.”
- A) she
- B) gave
- C) her friend
- D) a gift
- Answer: C) her friend
Choose the correct form of the verb: “If he ____ here, we would start the meeting.”
- A) is
- B) was
- C) were
- D) be
- Answer: C) were
Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
- A) I went to the store, and bought milk.
- B) I went to the store and bought milk.
- C) I went to the store; and bought milk.
- D) I went to the store, and, bought milk.
- Answer: B) I went to the store and bought milk.
Identify the type of verb in the following sentence: “She has been singing for an hour.”
- A) action verb
- B) linking verb
- C) helping verb
- D) modal verb
- Answer: C) helping verb
Which of the following sentences uses a reflexive pronoun?
- A) She made herself a sandwich.
- B) She made a sandwich for her.
- C) She made a sandwich for herself.
- D) She made a sandwich for him.
- Answer: A) She made herself a sandwich.
Choose the correct form of the verb: “By this time next year, I ____ my degree.”
- A) will complete
- B) will have completed
- C) will be completing
- D) will completes
- Answer: B) will have completed
Which of the following sentences uses an abstract noun?
- A) She has a lot of happiness.
- B) She has a red car.
- C) She has a pet dog.
- D) She has two brothers.
- Answer: A) She has a lot of happiness.
Identify the tense of the following sentence: “She will be going to the store later.”
- A) present continuous
- B) past continuous
- C) future continuous
- D) present perfect continuous
- Answer: C) future continuous
Which of the following sentences contains a proper noun?
- A) She visited Paris last summer.
- B) She visited a city last summer.
- C) She visited the park last summer.
- D) She visited her friend last summer.
- Answer: A) She visited Paris last summer.